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1. \(3^{456} \equiv 1^{456} = 1 \pmod 2\text{.}\)

2. \(3^{456} = 9^{228} \equiv (-1)^{228} = 1 \pmod{5}\text{.}\)

3. \(3^{456} = 9^{228} \equiv 2^{228} = 8^{76} \equiv 1^{76} = 1 \pmod 7\text{.}\)

4. \(3^{456} = 9^{228} \equiv 0^{228} = 0 \pmod{9}\text{.}\)